Journey through time | The story of the Acropolis of Athens

Early History

The history of the Acropolis dates back to the Neolithic period (approximately 4,000 BCE), but it was during the Bronze Age (circa 2,000 BCE) that the site began to take on more importance. Early Mycenaean settlements, which existed on the Acropolis, suggest that the area was considered sacred even before the rise of classical Athens. The first substantial buildings on the Acropolis date from this period.

Rise of the Acropolis as a religious center

By the Geometric period (circa 900-700 BCE), the Acropolis had begun to develop into a major religious site dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city. The first temple dedicated to Athena was constructed around the 7th century BCE, and this marked the beginning of the Acropolis' significance in the religious and cultural life of Athens. 

The classical period and the Parthenon

The 5th century BCE marked the peak of the Acropolis’ development as Athens rose to power under Pericles. After the Persian invasion in 480 BCE, the Athenians rebuilt the Acropolis to showcase their strength and cultural achievements. The Parthenon (447-438 BCE), designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and sculpted by Phidias, was the most significant structure, dedicated to Athena Parthenos. Its design, proportions, and sculptures, including the famous Parthenon Marbles, set a new standard in classical architecture, symbolizing Athens' wealth and military victory over the Persians.
In addition to the Parthenon, other significant structures built during this period include:

• The Erechtheion (421-406 BCE), an unusual temple dedicated to Athena and Poseidon, famous for its Caryatid columns.
• The Temple of Athena Nike, a small Ionic temple built around 427 BCE, celebrating Athens’ military victories.
• The Propylaia, a grand gateway designed by Mnesicles that served as the main entrance to the Acropolis.

Hellenistic and Roman Periods

During the Hellenistic period (4th to 1st centuries BCE), Athens lost its political dominance but remained a vital hub for culture and philosophy. Renowned philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle had shaped its intellectual legacy, and the city continued to attract scholars, artists, and thinkers. 

In the Roman period, Athens remained an important city in the Eastern Roman Empire. The Romans generally respected the Acropolis and its monuments, often making repairs and additions. For example, Emperor Hadrian (2nd century CE) sponsored the construction of several buildings, including the Temple of Zeus in the Roman Agora. However, the Parthenon and other structures on the Acropolis were repurposed for various uses, including a Christian church and later a mosque during Ottoman rule.

The Byzantine and Ottoman Periods

During the Byzantine period (4th to 15th centuries CE), the Acropolis became a Christian center, with the Parthenon converted into a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. After the Ottoman conquest in the 15th century, the Acropolis was turned into a mosque, and the Parthenon served various purposes, including as a fortress. The Ottomans added new structures and controlled the site until the early 19th century, during which it suffered considerable damage.

The Modern Era

With the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) and the eventual liberation of Athens in 1834, the Acropolis was recognized as a symbol of Greek heritage and national pride. Restoration work began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though efforts to conserve and preserve the monuments continue to this day.